Does the use of topical anesthetics reduce the perception of pain during needle puncture and anesthetic infiltration? Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

The objective of this systematic review was to assess whether the use of topical anesthetics reduces the perception of pain during puncture and anesthetic infiltration. Twenty-two randomized controlled clinical trials, published in English on or before August 6, 2020, were found in the PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Cochrane Library databases. Risk of bias was determined for randomization and other issues. A total of 1029 patients were evaluated using parameters such as type of topical anesthetic, application site, and pain (measured on a scale). Some studies assessed more than one topical anesthetic. Seventeen of them showed a reduction in pain from needle puncture and four from infiltration. Meta-analyses for some results showed considerable statistical heterogeneity. Regarding pain during needle puncture of the maxilla, statistically significant differences were observed in the topical anesthetics group, in both the vestibular (P = 0.0002) and palatal (P = 0.005) region. This was different from the mandible, for which there was no statistically significant difference (P = 0.07). With regard to pain caused by anesthetic infiltration in the maxilla, there was no difference in the use of anesthetic in relation to the control group (P = 0.11). Given these findings, using topical anesthetics only relieves pain during needle puncture and in the maxilla. PROSPERO 2020: CRD42020206362.

Reproductive biology of pequira Bryconamericus stramineus (Eigenmann, 1908) in Funil Reservoir-MG, Brazil / Biologia reprodutiva da Pequira Bryconamericus stramineus (Eigenmann, 1908) no reservatório de Funil-MG, Brasil

Abstract In order to evaluate aspects of reproductive biology of the "pequira" ( Bryconamericus stramineus) in the elevator of the Funil Dam - MG, fish capture was carried out from November 2008 to January 2009 and 317 individuals were collected. The mean standard length (SL) of the population was 4.96 cm and mean weight 1.80 g. The females had SL of 5.0 cm, while males had a SL of 4.6 cm. A sex ratio of 2.20: 1 (females: male) was observed. Our results show that 73% of the individuals analyzed were considered adults. The species presented low fecundity, mean of 470.9 oocytes per female and a mean diameter of 221.08 μm, with an increase in oocyte diameter over the evaluation period. The length of the first gonadal maturation was estimated at 5.0 cm. The results obtained in this work suggest that the reproductive cycle of the species occurs in the analyzed period. Although this species does not have migratory reproductive habits, the presence of adults in the reproductive stage was observed in the transposition area, which suggests a search for new environments for spawning.

Resumo Com o objetivo de avaliar aspectos da biologia reprodutiva da pequira Bryconamericus stramineus no elevador da represa do Funil - MG foram realizadas capturas entre os meses de novembro de 2008 a janeiro de 2009, sendo coletados 317 indivíduos. O comprimento padrão (CP) médio da população foi de 4,96 cm e peso médio de 1,80 g. As fêmeas apresentaram CP de 5,0 cm, enquanto que os machos obtiveram um CP de 4,6 cm. Foi observada proporção sexual de 2,20:1(fêmeas:macho). Dos indivíduos analisados, 73% foram considerados adultos. A espécie apresentou baixa fecundidade, com média de 470,9 ovócitos por fêmea e diâmetro médio de 221,08 μm, ocorrendo aumento no diâmetro de ovócitos com o decorrer do tempo no período avaliado. O comprimento de primeira maturação gonadal foi estimado em 5,0 cm. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho sugerem que o ciclo reprodutivo da espécie ocorre no período analisado. Embora esta espécie não tenha hábitos reprodutivos migratórios, a presença de adultos no estágio reprodutivo foi observada na área de transposição, o que sugere a busca de novos ambientes para a reprodução.

Reproductive biology of pequira Bryconamericus stramineus (Eigenmann, 1908) in Funil Reservoir-MG, Brazil.

In order to evaluate aspects of reproductive biology of the "pequira" ( Bryconamericus stramineus) in the elevator of the Funil Dam - MG, fish capture was carried out from November 2008 to January 2009 and 317 individuals were collected. The mean standard length (SL) of the population was 4.96 cm and mean weight 1.80 g. The females had SL of 5.0 cm, while males had a SL of 4.6 cm. A sex ratio of 2.20: 1 (females: male) was observed. Our results show that 73% of the individuals analyzed were considered adults. The species presented low fecundity, mean of 470.9 oocytes per female and a mean diameter of 221.08 µm, with an increase in oocyte diameter over the evaluation period. The length of the first gonadal maturation was estimated at 5.0 cm. The results obtained in this work suggest that the reproductive cycle of the species occurs in the analyzed period. Although this species does not have migratory reproductive habits, the presence of adults in the reproductive stage was observed in the transposition area, which suggests a search for new environments for spawning.

Canonical correlation analysis to identify the semen characteristics used to forecast the freeze survival of Curimba (Prochilodus lineatus) spermatozoa.

　　OBJECTIVE: To identify which sperm characteristics were able to predict more accurately the quality of curimba (Prochilodus lineatus) semen upon freezing using canonical correlation analysis. METHODS: Eleven fish breeders with initial mean weight of 705.21 ± 111 g were used. For cryopreservation, 200 µL of semen were taken from each animal and diluted in the cryoprotectant solution (10% dimethyl sulfoxide and 5% Beltsville Thawing Solution Minitub) in a 1:4 ratio and placed into 0.5-mL straws. Sperm characteristics (motility, sperm abnormalities, total antioxidant activity and lipid peroxidation) were evaluated. A randomized block design with duplicate samples per treatment (fresh and frozen semen) was used. The block factor was the animals, and the experimental unit the ejaculates. Canonical correlation was used to evaluate the association between sperm characteristics of fresh semen and thawed semen. RESULT: There was a significant association (P = 0.10) among the variables measured in fresh semen with the variables measured in thawed semen, and 78.6% of the difference observed in the thawed semen can be attributed to variation of variables measured in fresh semen. Sperm motility, motility duration and antioxidant activity of the thawed semen showed an inverse relationship with those of the fresh semen; whereas the minor sperm abnormalities, major sperm abnormalities and lipid peroxidation showed a direct relationship with those of the fresh semen. Only the rate and motility duration of the thawed semen presented high correlation (-0.63 and -0.73, respectively) with the canonical variable represented by the sperm characteristics of fresh semen. CONCLUSIONS: The rate and motility duration of fresh semen may be used to predict the quality of the thawed sperm in Prochilodus lineatus.

Reproductive biology of pequira Bryconamericus stramineus (Eigenmann, 1908) in Funil Reservoir-MG, Brazil

Abstract In order to evaluate aspects of reproductive biology of the pequira ( Bryconamericus stramineus) in the elevator of the Funil Dam - MG, fish capture was carried out from November 2008 to January 2009 and 317 individuals were collected. The mean standard length (SL) of the population was 4.96 cm and mean weight 1.80 g. The females had SL of 5.0 cm, while males had a SL of 4.6 cm. A sex ratio of 2.20: 1 (females: male) was observed. Our results show that 73% of the individuals analyzed were considered adults. The species presented low fecundity, mean of 470.9 oocytes per female and a mean diameter of 221.08 m, with an increase in oocyte diameter over the evaluation period. The length of the first gonadal maturation was estimated at 5.0 cm. The results obtained in this work suggest that the reproductive cycle of the species occurs in the analyzed period. Although this species does not have migratory reproductive habits, the presence of adults in the reproductive stage was observed in the transposition area, which suggests a search for new environments for spawning.

Resumo Com o objetivo de avaliar aspectos da biologia reprodutiva da pequira Bryconamericus stramineus no elevador da represa do Funil - MG foram realizadas capturas entre os meses de novembro de 2008 a janeiro de 2009, sendo coletados 317 indivíduos. O comprimento padrão (CP) médio da população foi de 4,96 cm e peso médio de 1,80 g. As fêmeas apresentaram CP de 5,0 cm, enquanto que os machos obtiveram um CP de 4,6 cm. Foi observada proporção sexual de 2,20:1(fêmeas:macho). Dos indivíduos analisados, 73% foram considerados adultos. A espécie apresentou baixa fecundidade, com média de 470,9 ovócitos por fêmea e diâmetro médio de 221,08 m, ocorrendo aumento no diâmetro de ovócitos com o decorrer do tempo no período avaliado. O comprimento de primeira maturação gonadal foi estimado em 5,0 cm. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho sugerem que o ciclo reprodutivo da espécie ocorre no período analisado. Embora esta espécie não tenha hábitos reprodutivos migratórios, a presença de adultos no estágio reprodutivo foi observada na área de transposição, o que sugere a busca de novos ambientes para a reprodução.

Optimization of Artificial Propagation in Piracanjuba Fish Brycon orbignyanus Using Cryopreserved Semen.

BACKGROUND: Cryopreserved semen could facilitate procedures during the artificial reproduction in fish. Factors affecting cryopreservation efficiency are important to define efficient protocols. OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the application of cryoprotectants on the quality of piracanjuba fish semen, the sperm concentration required for oocyte fertilization and spermatic activation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated two intracellular cryoprotectant solutions (DMSO and methanol) and two extracellular cryoprotectant solutions (egg yolk and lactose) to cryopreserved piracanjuba semen. Sperm motility rate, motility duration and spermatic alterations were assessed. CONCLUSION: The protocol for piracanjuba semen cryopreservation can use solutions including either DMSO or methanol as intracellular cryoprotectant and egg yolk or lactose as extracellular cryoprotectants.

Clinical effects of an avocado-soybean unsaponifiable extract on arthralgia and osteoarthritis of the temporomandibular joint: preliminary study.

The aim of the present preliminary study was to investigate the effectiveness of an avocado-soybean unsaponifiable extract (ASU) in patients with arthralgia and osteoarthritis of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was carried out. Fourteen women diagnosed with arthralgia and osteoarthritis of the TMJ using the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders were included in the statistical analysis. The women were allocated randomly to two groups: ASU group and placebo group. Pain was measured using a visual analogue scale and pressure algometer. Mandibular function was evaluated through measurement of mandibular movements. Quality of life was measured using the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14). The medication (ASU capsules or placebo capsules) was used for 4 months and the total follow-up was 6 months. Those taking the ASU extract had a decrease in pain symptoms and an improvement in quality of life. Moreover, a significant reduction in the use of rescue medication was found in the ASU group compared to the placebo group. This preliminary study provides strong evidence of the effectiveness of an avocado-soybean unsaponifiable extract in patients with degenerative joint diseases and arthralgia in the TMJ. Further studies with larger samples should be performed.

Retrospective study of 289 odontogenic tumors in a Brazilian population.

BACKGROUND: Odontogenic tumors (OTs) are considered important among oral lesions because of their clinicopathological heterogeneity, and variable biological behavior. This paper aims to determine the frequency and distribution of OTs, over a period of 10 years, at a public university in Northeastern Brazil and compare this data with previous reports. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We reviewed all cases of OTs from oral pathology laboratory of University of Pernambuco (UPE), from 2004 to 2014. Diagnoses were re-evaluated and the tumors were classified according to the latest (2005) World Health Organization Classification of Tumors. In addition, we searched in the English-language literature retrospective studies on OTs that used the same classification. RESULTS: Within the total of 6028 oral biopsies, 289 (4.79%) were OTs. Of these, 287 (99.3%) were benign and 2 (0.7%) were malignant. The overall incidence was 31.1/million. Mandible-maxilla ratio was 2.5:1 and mean age 35 years. Keratocystic odontogenic tumor (KCOT) (34.6%) was the most frequent lesion, followed by ameloblastoma (AMB) (32.9%) and odontoma (ODO) (11.4%). CONCLUSIONS: OTs are uncommon neoplasms with geographic variation. Our clinicopathological features are according to literature. In the present study, KCOT was the most frequent one, showing that the new classification of OTs altered the distribution of these lesions and possibly made KCOT the most common OT observed in diagnostic services worldwide.

Recurrence rate following treatment for primary multicystic ameloblastoma: systematic review and meta-analysis.

Opinions regarding the treatment of multicystic ameloblastoma are divergent due to its benign nature and the high rate of recurrence if not adequately excised. The aim of the present study was to perform a systematic review of the literature for a qualitative and quantitative assessment of studies addressing primary multicystic ameloblastoma with regard to treatment and recurrence. Searches were conducted of the Ovid Medline and Embase databases for articles published up to January 2014. Based on predefined eligibility criteria, studies were selected in a two-stage screening process conducted by two independent reviewers. Quality assessment of the selected articles was performed using the modified criteria of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. The meta-analysis was performed using Review Manager (RevMan) software. Statistical heterogeneity was investigated by performing a χ(2) test at the 5% significance level (P<0.05) and determining I(2). The relative risk of recurrence was 3.15-fold greater (95% confidence interval 1.98-5.00) when conservative treatment was performed on primary multicystic ameloblastoma in comparison to radical treatment (P<0.00001 for treatment effect; I(2)=0% and P=0.48 for heterogeneity). The findings justify the treatment of primary multicystic ameloblastoma with bone resection.

Reproductive dynamics of Leporinus obtusidens captured downstream from an important hydropower Station in Brazil / Dinâmica reprodutiva de Leporinus obtusidens capturados a jusante de uma importante usina hidrelétrica no Brasil

This study evaluated the reproductive dynamics and gonadal morphology of piaparas (Leporinus obtusidens) captured downstream from the Funil Hydroelectric Power Station. The 107 piaparas evaluated were captured monthly from Sep 2006 to Aug 2007. The data were stratified among the seasons to evaluate gonad maturation and the reproductive period was determined by assessing the gonadosomatic index, hepatosomatic index, abdominal fat index (AFI), weight:length ratio, condition factor and sexual proportion. The reproductive period lasted from winter to summer (Jul-Mar) in females and from spring to autumn (Sept-Jun) in males. AFI was high during and after the reproductive period in females and only during the reproductive period in males. The highest HIS values for males and females were obtained in spring and summer (Sept-Mar). The females observed did not spawn and showed follicular atresia. These characteristics suggest that L. obtusidens does not use the study area as a reproductive site and probably migrates for this purpose.

Este estudo avaliou a dinâmica reprodutiva e a morfologia gonadal de piaparas (Leporinus obtusidens) capturados a jusante de uma usina hidrelétrica. Os 107 exemplares avaliados foram capturados mensalmente, de setembro de 2006 a agosto de 2007. Os dados foram estratificados entre as estações do ano para se avaliar a maturação gonadal, e o período reprodutivo foi determinado por meio da avaliação do índice gonadossomático, índice hepatossomático, índice de gordura abdominal (AFI), relação peso:comprimento, fator de condição e proporção sexual. O período reprodutivo foi observado do inverno para o verão, julho-março, para as fêmeas, e da primavera para o outono, setembro-junho, para os machos. AFI foi alto durante e após o período reprodutivo em fêmeas e apenas durante o período reprodutivo em machos. Os maiores valores para machos e fêmeas foram obtidos na primavera e no verão. As fêmeas observadas não desovaram e mostraram atresia folicular. Essas características sugerem que L. obtusidens não usa a área de estudo como sítio reprodutivo e, provavelmente, realiza migração.

Effect of timing of hormonal induction on reproductive activity in lambari (Astyanax bimaculatus).

The objective was to evaluate the influence of the timing of hormonal induction, using gonadorelin or common carp pituitary extract (CPE), on the reproductive activity of female Astyanax bimaculatus. Fish (N = 44) were weighed, measured, and acclimatized to experimental conditions with a photoperiod of 12 h:12 h light:dark (L:D) for 10 days. Ovulation was induced with a single dose of CPE (6 mg/kg) or gonadorelin (80 µg/kg), given at 12:00 (halfway through the light phase (LP) or 24:00 (halfway through the dark phase (DP), in a 2 × 2 factorial design. The time of ovulation was calculated in degree hours and daily motor activity was recorded using a photocell. The fish were killed and the liver and gonads were weighed for calculation of gonadosomatic (GSI) and hepatosomatic (HSI) indexes, respectively. Absolute fecundity (AF), absolute fecundity relative to weight (AFRW) and length (AFRL), diameter of oocytes (mM), and percentage of oocytes with the germinal vesicle in a peripheral position (PPGV) were recorded. All females responded (ovulated). The female Astyanax bimaculatus had twilight motor activity rhythm. Females given CPE at 12:00 had a higher (P < 0.05) percentage of oocytes with the germinal vesicle in a peripheral position compared with the group that received gonadorelin in the same period (95 ± 6 vs. 79 ± 21%, mean ± SD). The absolute fecundity relative to weight was higher in groups induced at 12:00, regardless of the hormone used (LP: 805 ± 448 and 700 ± 214, for CPE and gonadorelin, respectively; dark phase: 580 ± 396 and 529 ± 105, P < 0.05). Both times used for hormonal induction with CPE and gonadorelin were suitable for inducing reproduction in lambari, although induction with CPE in LP had the best results.

Development of temporomandibular joint ankylosis in rats using stem cells and bone graft.

64 male Wistar rats were used: 24 for the removal of stem cells, 4 as a control group, and 36 for the experiment, in which either stem cells or bone graft was used. The rats were divided into groups according to the type of procedure and time span (15, 30 or 60 days). The joints were submitted to histological study in order to score the ankylosis. The mean differences between initial and final maximal mouth opening (MMO) were gradually increased from 15 to 60 days, for all times of evaluation for both groups, being statistically significant at 15 days (p=0.045) in the bone-graft group. When both groups were compared, the mean differences between initial and final MMO were statistically significant at 15 days (p=0.018) and 30 days (p=0.029). In relation to the histological scores, in the bone-graft group almost all animals had intra-articular fibrosis at all times of evaluation (n=17). In the stem-cell group, there was new bone at 15 days (n=4), 30 days (n=3) and 60 days (n=4). The study model permitted the development of fibrous ankylosis in the majority of animals for both groups and no bony bridge was observed.

Effect of cryopreservant combinations on the motility and morphology of curimba (Prochilodus lineatus) sperm.

This study investigated the application of intra- and extra-cellular cryoprotectant combinations on the quality of curimba Prochilodus lineatus semen subjected to cryopreservation. Semen treatments were tested with 8% DMSO or methanol as intracellular cryoprotectant, 5% egg yolk or lactose as extracellular cryoprotectant and 5% BTS. These cryoprotectant combinations are suitable for curimba but have not been tested at the lesser concentrations proposed or in combination with BTS. Semen samples collected from 19 curimbas were diluted into one of four cryoprotectant combinations: DMSO+yolk; DMSO+lactose; methanol+yolk; and methanol+lactose. After dilution, semen samples were cryopreserved in 0.5 mL straws for 10 days in a liquid nitrogen tank. Semen was thawed in a water bath at 60°C for 8s. We evaluated the quality of fresh, diluted (pre-freezing) and post-freezing semen according to sperm motility rate (%) and duration (s). Sperm morphology was also analyzed in thawed semen. Sperm motility rate decreased progressively after dilution and thawing. The motility rate in post-freezing semen was higher in the treatments using DMSO+lactose and methanol+yolk. Sperm motility duration in post-freezing sperm was greater in the treatments using methanol rather than DMSO as intracellular cryoprotectant, irrespective of the extracellular cryoprotectant used. Abnormality frequency in thawed sperm was less in semen treated with egg yolk than with lactose. Thus the use of methanol intracellular cryoprotectant is recommended along with yolk extracellular cryoprotectant in the cryopreservation process for curimba semen.

Hyperplasia of myoepithelial cells expressing calponin during atrophy of the rat parotid gland induced by duct ligation.

The number and location of myoepithelial cells in the rat parotid gland submitted to surgical ligation of its main excretory duct were studied through immunohistochemical labelling for calponin. These cells were labelled by the streptavidin-biotin method using anti-calponin primary antibody, and their number was determined during each step of glandular atrophy, i.e., at time zero (control) and 1, 7, 15, 21, 30 and 60 days after ligation. Morphological analysis showed a gradual decrease and fibrosis of the glandular lobules accompanied by disappearance of the acini and the occurrence of duct-like structures. The expression of calponin was observed in all specimens analysed, being restricted to myoepithelial cells. Labelling revealed the distribution of myoepithelial cells around the acini and intercalated ducts in the control group and around duct-like structures later during the course of atrophy. Quantitative analysis demonstrated significant increase in the number of myoepithelial cells up to day 7 post-ligation, followed by gradual increases which, however, were not statistically significant. These results suggest that myoepithelial cells proliferate intensely up to day 7 post-ligation, an event that coincides with a higher rate of disappearance of acinar cells. After this period, the elevatednumber of cells observed at the end of the previous period is maintained.